The present study has some limitations. In this study, undiluted C9 and C10 compounds were used as fragrance stimuli; the results may have differed if the concentration of these compounds was changed. Further, the EEG readings were recorded for a short duration 45 s for no odor, and 45 s for odor conditions.
In addition, there have been significant variations in the EEG activity according to gender. In light of these limitations, EEG recordings for a slightly longer duration, and different concentrations of C9 and C10, are needed for understanding their exact action on EEG oscillations. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Biomedicines v. Published online Jul Hae Jin Choi 3 Foundation of Agri. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Received May 7; Accepted Jul This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Keywords: electroencephalography, decanal, inhalation, nonanal, nostril. Introduction The human nasal cavity is a primary sensory organ, which contains a couple of nerve systems such as the trigeminal system and the olfactory system [ 1 , 2 ].
Methods 2. Subjects Twenty healthy volunteers 10 males and 10 females aged 20—30 years participated in the EEG measurements. Experimental Design The one-group pre-test and post-test research design was used in this study 20 participants.
Fragrance Administration The aldehydes, C9 and C10 were used as the fragrance stimuli. Data Analysis Two EEG segments were selected for each condition, 45 s for no odor presentation and 45 s for odor presentation. Results In this study, the effect of inhalation of undiluted aldehydes, C9 and C10, on EEG activity in relation to nostril variation, was investigated. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Table 1 Significant changes of electroencephalographic EEG power spectrum values during the binasal inhalations of aldehydes C9 and C Table 2 Significant changes of EEG power spectrum values during the left nostril inhalation of C10 odor.
Table 3 Significant changes of EEG power spectrum values during the right nostril inhalation of C10 odor. Discussion In recent times, a number of studies have reported the influence of fragrances on psychological and physiological conditions of human [ 6 , 7 ].
Figure 5. Author Contributions M. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References 1. Ishimaru T. Topographical differences in the sensitivity of the human nasal mucosa to olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. Leopold D. Anterior distribution of human olfactory epithelium. Small D. Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans. Kahana-Zweig R. Measuring and characterizing the human nasal cycle.
Sobel N. The world smells different to each nostril. Angelucci F. Physiological effect of olfactory stimuli inhalation in humans: An overview. Sowndhararajan K. Influence of fragrances on human psychophysiological activity: With special reference to human electroencephalographic response.
Kutlu A. Effects of aroma inhalation on examination anxiety. Robins J. The science and art of aromatherapy. Kim M. Matsubara E. The essential oil of Abies sibirica Pinaceae reduces arousal levels after visual display terminal work. Flavour Fragr. Skoric M. Electroencephalographic response to different odors in healthy individuals: A promising tool for objective assessment of olfactory disorders.
EEG Neurosci. Effect of inhalation of essential oil from Inula helenium L. Seo M. Influence of binasal and uninasal inhalations of essential oil of Abies koreana twigs on electroencephalographic activity of human. Aldehyde sources, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and possible effects on human health.
Surburg H. Omonov T. The production of biobased nonanal by ozonolysis of fatty acids. RSC Adv. Otienoburu P. Analysis and optimization of a synthetic milkweed floral attractant for mosquitoes. Haze S. Baharum S. Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil of Polygonum minus Huds. In the interest of open information what this article does not explain is that aldehydes in their natural organic form are, as in citrus rind and citronella, natural mildicides and insecticides.
That is why they are used in concentrated forms as insecticides. The Cancer Prevention Coalition www. Michael, thank you! Chandler should be credited with opening up the dialogue and that's priceless. He paved the way for openness which is something not even LT did. I would propose the term "inedible" but that might not seem so attractive to customers. But several gorgeous "notes" do seem like the opposite of "edible" don't they?
Soap, powder, earth, that piercing sharpness of some aldehydes Thanks for your support on the work done! Much appreciated. Xavier, I realise that there might be dangers, but IMHO it's beyond the scope of this particular article which was more of an educational resource from the point of view of perfume lover. At least aldehydes in perfumery are used in relatively small amounts and are not ingested. Same with coumarin and fyrocoumarins etc. Thanks for providing the link to the Cancer Prevention Coalition, will give it a lookg.
Type your comment in the box, choose the Profile option you prefer from the drop down menu, below text box Anonymous is fine too! And you're set! Ask any aspiring perfumista about aldehydes and you will hear that they are synthetic materials first used in Chanel No. This is what they have been told time and again. The truth? However No. Nor is No. Several essence reconstitutions by chemists involved using aldehydes as various types can also be synthesized in the laboratory.
The carbon atom of this group has two remaining bonds that may be occupied by hydrogen or alkyl or aryl substituents. If at least one of these substituents is hydrogen, the compound is an aldehyde. If neither is hydrogen, the compound is a ketone. The majority of aldehydes and ketones have strong odors. Ketones generally have a pleasant smell and they are frequently found in perfumes e. They are also used in food flavorings. Aldehydes vary in smell with most of the lower molecular weight smelling bad rotten fruits , yet some of the higher molecular weight aldehydes and aromatic aldehydes smell quite pleasant and are thus used in perfumery.
Discovered in Russia by A. Butlerov in it is very reactive, used in dyes, medical drugs, insecticides and famously as a preservative and embalming fluid. Acetaldehyde is the name of the shortest carbon chain aldehyde and is one of the oldest known aldehydes first made in by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. Hardly a fragrance exists without some kind of aldehyde in it, which incidentally makes insisting the greatness of No.
It is the cleverness of marketing and the propagation of a myth that No. Chanel No. The soapy feel is unmistakeable! As an exercise compare that smell with your Chanel No. Often the compounds are patented under commercial names; therefore their true nature remains arcane even to perfume lovers who might have seen them mentioned. For instance Triplal, a patented molecule by IFF: its chemical name is 2,4-dimethylcyclohexenecarboxaldehyde. Its smell? Powerfully green and herbal, like crushing ligustra leaves between fingers.
None of the characteristic aldehydes of Chanel No. One interesting ingredient is phenylacetaldehyde which has a pronounced green note top in natural narcissus and thus used to recreate a narcissus note in perfumery. The hydrocinnamic aldehydes are another family of materials from the manipulation of benzene and their odor profile resembles lily of the valley muguet and cyclamen.
One of them is the famous Lilial patented name for lily aldehyde; also known as Lilistralis , widely used in the replication of that elusive natural essence, lily of the valley. Another is Cyclamen aldehyde usually produced with cumene as a starting material.
Aromatic aldehydes have very complex chemical structures but are the easiest to identify by smell. Anisaldehyde smells like licorice. Benzaldehyde on the other hand, has an odour profile of almonds and has several chemical constituents: cinnamaldehyde, amylcinnamic aldehyde, hexylcinnamic aldehyde. Higher members, on the other hand, such as amylcinnamic aldehydes ACA and hexylcinnamic aldehyde HCA project a fatty jasmine impression despite their abscence from natural jasmine oils!
Most synthetic jasmine perfumes today use one or both because they are inexpensive Their fibre-substantive qualities also make them perfect candidates for laundry detergents and fabric conditionners. Additionally, the aldehyde vanillin is a constituent in many vanilla-scented perfumes.
So nothing is as simplistic as one might assume! Labels: aldehydes , chemistry , fragrance making , fragrance science , material , myth debunking.
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