How do neighborhoods affect people




















Oneto, Rob Pitingolo and James Crawford A pilot study of landlord acceptance of housing choice vouchers. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Evans, William N. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates. Freeman, Lance and Yunjing Li Harding, David J. Duncan, Lisa A. Gennetian, Lawrence F. Katz, Ronald C. Kessler, Jeffrey R. Heller, Sara B. Some field experiments to reduce crime and dropout in Chicago.

Jacob, Brian A. Kling, Jeffrey R. Liebman, Lawrence F. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Duncan, Lawrence F. Whitaker, and Thomas W. Ludwig, Jens, Greg J. Kling, and Lisa Sanbonmatsu Moore, M. Moffitt, Robert A. Edited by Robert A. Olds, David L. Henderson Jr. Orr, Larry, Judith D. Katz, Jeffrey B. Liebman, and Jeffrey R. New York: Knopf, xvii—xvx. Feins, eds. Evaluating the Moving to Opportunity Social Experiment. George C. Geoge C.

Galster, Jackie M. Cutsinger, and Ron Malega. Retsinas and Eric S. Belsky, eds. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, —9. Robert J. Sampson, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, and Thomas Gannon-Rowley. Margery Austin Turner and Lynette A. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 8. Sampson, Stephen W. Some moved to poorer places, and others moved to wealthier places. What they found was that children who moved to a better environment ended up making more money when they grew up.

Children who moved to a worse county ended up making less money. One part of this is that places with higher housing costs generally had better outcomes, so only people with money could move to these areas. But the researchers isolated a neighborhood's effects by comparing people who were at the same level of income distribution. Below, we're comparing families at the 25th percentile:. It furthered the idea that exposure to these poor environments was like breathing in polluted air: The longer you did it, the worse it was.

That's what some advocates want, and this can be made possible with vouchers and where public housing is, and a handful of other strategies. This can be expensive but has shown to work with small samples. But others believe this would create a void in the cities, and the people left behind would be disenfranchised even further — especially if this causes a greater concentration of poverty. So they believe there need to be policies that invest in communities.

When I brought this up with housing advocate Erin Boggs , who is in favor of giving people the choice to move elsewhere, she said she meets very few people who wouldn't move if given the opportunity. Another idea is a universal basic income, which would pull everyone out of poverty. In short, the government would write a check to everyone, kind of like how Social Security writes a check to old people.

Another approach is to focus on poor mothers. Programs in Connecticut, and elsewhere, provide mental health services, basic needs, and job skills to mothers. The hope is to mitigate the effects of having a mother who grew up in a poor neighborhood. We often talk about poverty as if it's only about the lack of money. But the most devastating part is that when a lot of people without money are pushed to live in the same neighborhood, it creates an environment that poisons a child's ability to reach their potential.

It's more comfortable to talk about inequality and poverty outside the context of race. More than half the country thinks past or present discrimination is not a major factor in why black Americans face problems today.

But in the past, it was OK to literally build a wall between a white neighborhood and black neighborhood. That was a lot easier to point at and say: Hey, that's racist. Now, those concrete symbols of racism are largely gone and what's left are their systemic effects. Sometimes, that makes it hard to be as outraged. But in this country, we forced people into toxic neighborhoods based on the color of their skin, and it still plays an overwhelming role in which people gets a real shot to be healthy, happy, and hopeful.

In other words, the walls are still there. Our mission has never been more vital than it is in this moment: to empower through understanding. However, older adults living in the same neighborhood as relatives are less likely to recover from a mobility limitation. Neighborhood safety is related to physical activity levels of older people of all socioeconomic backgrounds, report Tucker-Seeley and colleagues based on HRS data. Older people who perceive their neighborhoods as safe are more likely to engage in outdoor physical activity than those who consider their neighborhoods unsafe.

The researchers suggest that programs designed to promote physical activity among older people should consider neighborhood safety concerns as potential barriers to participation. Subramanian, Elwert, and Christakis find that widowed men and women living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of older adults who have lost a spouse are less likely to die than those in neighborhoods with low concentrations.

Ethnic enclaves may protect the health of older adults in disadvantaged communities by supporting healthy behaviors and through stronger social networks. Data from the HRS show that residents of highly segregated Hispanic neighborhoods have higher levels of cognitive function Kovalchik et al. But over time, individuals living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of Hispanics are more likely to experience rapid cognitive decline than people living in more integrated settings.

Osypuk and colleagues study Hispanics living in neighborhoods with high concentrations of Latin American-born immigrants and find low levels of high-fat foods in their diets but also low levels of physical activity.

Using HRS data, Grafova and colleagues also find that older men living in immigrant enclaves are more likely to be obese. In another study using HRS data, Sudano and colleagues find that living in racially segregated neighborhoods those with high shares of minorities is linked to poor health largely because the older residents in these communities have less education, higher poverty rates, and lower levels of net worth compared with older adults in less segregated communities.

Kershaw and colleagues document that segregation affects cardiovascular risk differently for whites and for racial minorities. They find that living in highly segregated black neighborhoods is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease CVD among black MESA participants followed over 10 years.

Research on the ways neighborhood settings affect health, like all epidemiological research, allows researchers to describe risk factors and associations but not to estimate direct cause and effect.

Nevertheless, the strong patterns identified by this research can help policymakers and planners design new health-promoting policies and better target intervention programs. The potential negative effects of living in disadvantaged neighborhoods for the physical and mental health of older adults point to the need for neighborhood improvements that expand the quantity, quality, and accessibility of community resources such as parks, libraries, and community centers and enhance walkability and safety.

For others in more affluent communities, policies should help older adults age in place so that they can live independently longer, avoiding or postponing the need for costly long-term care. Some of the results suggest that different interventions may be needed for men versus women. For example, women are more likely to take long walks—an excellent way to maintain physical fitness—if they have a particular destination, while men are more likely to take walks in pedestrian-friendly communities.

Older adults living with disability also have different needs than those without limitations, especially among those who may be isolated in less accessible or unsafe communities.

Carol Aneshensel et al. Jason Boardman et al. HwaJung Choi et al. Philippa Clarke et al. Resource Library. Product: Today's Research on Aging, Issue Article Details Download. View the related infographic Some researchers continue to focus on a single neighborhood feature and may incorrectly attribute health effects to the wrong characteristics. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Health Neighborhood economic status—often measured by median household income or the share living below the poverty line—is one of the most widely studied and strongest predictors of the health and well-being of older adults.

Effects on Mortality Extensive research has examined the link between neighborhood characteristics and mortality, but few studies have focused on this relationship among older adults.



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